Genesis 6-9: The misunderstood truth of Noah’s Ark
The story of Noah’s Ark is scientifically impossible. There cannot be an entire global flood. This fact causes many to write-off Christianity because the statement that “nothing is impossible for God” isn’t always received well. But we have to ask, what does the story actually mean? What may the flood have looked like? And, wouldn’t the Ark be somewhere?
To summarize the story of Noah’s Ark, “The Lord saw that the wickedness of humankind was great in the earth. And the Lord was sorry that he had made humankind on the earth, and it grieved him to his heart.” (Genesis 6:6). God decided to flood the earth to wipe out the human beings, “But Noah found favor in the sight of the Lord.” (Genesis 6:8). God warned Noah of the coming flood and instructed him to make an ark and to bring his family, his sons, and their wives as well as two of every kind of animal into the ark to save them from the coming flood. “Noah did this; he did all that God commanded him.” (Genesis 6:22). Noah brought the animals into the ark. “And after seven days the waters of the flood came on the earth.” (Genesis 7:10). Noah brought himself and his family into the ark.
“All the fountains of the great deep burst forth, and the windows of the heavens were opened. The rain fell on the earth forty days and forty nights.” (Genesis 7:11-12). “The flood continued forty days on the earth; and the waters increased, and bore up the ark, and it rose high above the earth… The waters swelled so mightily on the earth that all the high mountains under the whole heaven were covered… And all flesh died that moved on the earth, birds, domestic animals, wild animals, all swarming creatures that swarm on the earth, and all human beings… Only Noah was left, and those that were with him in the ark. And the waters swelled on the earth for one hundred fifty days.” (Genesis 7:17, 19, 21, 23-24).
“The fountains of the deep and the windows of the heavens were closed, the rain from the heavens was restrained, and the waters gradually receded from the earth. At the end of one hundred fifty days the waters had abated; and in the seventh month, on the seventeenth day of the month, the ark came to rest on the mountains of Ararat.” (Genesis 8:2-4).
After coming to dry land, Noah built an altar to the Lord and offered sacrifices. Then the Lord said “I will never again curse the ground because of humankind, for the inclination of the human heart is evil from youth; nor will I ever again destroy every living creature as I have done. As long as the earth endures, seedtime and harvest, cold and heat, summer and winter, day and night, shall not cease.” (Genesis 8:20-22).
Quite a wild story filled with many questions. Did the flood happen? How could it have happened all over the world? It is impossible to have a boat big enough to house two of every animal. Also, wouldn’t they have eaten each other? They also needed a LOT of food for that long… Where is the Ark? Is God even perfect if He was sorry that He created humans?
How could the whole world be flooded?
The entire world could not have been flooded, unless by the work of God. Scientifically, it is impossible and simply saying God does what He wants is not an acceptable answer for non-Christians. With the way the water cycle works, it would be impossible for the entire world to be covered with clouds raining down water. Clouds form from water that evaporates from the earth, water which then returns to the earth with rain. In order for the entire world to be covered with raining clouds, the water level would drop significantly. If the water levels were so high that the entire earth was flooded, then there would be no water in the form of clouds, so there would be no clouds raining down. Additionally, if the world was covered with clouds, all life, even sea life, would die.
However, that does not rule out a regional flood. The Scriptures specify “the world” but we have to remember that Scripture was written by the inspired authors who are human, and for a human, if a catastrophic regional flood occurred, it would seem as though the entire world was flooded.
Did the flood happen?
We must look at the scientific data supporting a flood in this region. Turkey, the home of Mount Ararat, is surrounded by the Mediterranean and the Black Seas. The Black Sea was previously a freshwater lake estimated to have formed around 22,000 years ago. It appears that sometime around 6000BC, melting glaciers and ice sheets resulted in sea levels to rise, specifically the Mediterranean Sea1. The Mediterranean Sea was separated from the Black Sea by the Bosphorus Sill, a formation that acted as a dam between the two seas. As the Mediterranean rose, the level exceeded the height of the Bosphorus Sill resulting in flooding of the Black Sea.
What did the flooding look like?
This is a widely debated topic. One theory holds that the water overflowed into the Black Sea with a force of 200 times that of Niagara Falls, a terrifying thing to see from the ground level2. Another theory holds it was more of a steady small flow into the Black Sea.
We can continue to understand the flooding by looking at the shoreline. Evidence has shown the old shoreline of the Black Sea to be underwater, even then there is controversy. A shoreline was unearthed four hundred feet below the surface, indicating a significant rise in water level3. Investigations with other means estimate the old shoreline to be about 100 feet lower than the current shoreline4.
While the various research methods provide differing results, they provide a similar result in that there is an old shoreline and the sea level of the Black Sea is in fact higher than it was. We know the Black Sea was once freshwater and salt water was introduced around 7000-5000BC. With this, we know the Black Sea experienced a flood and the water level was previously lower than the higher level it sits at now. There was an event that introduced a significant amount of water into the Black Sea through a rise of the Mediterranean Sea. It is possible that the height was raised to a catastrophic level and then drained out of the Black Sea, into the Mediterranean, and out to the ocean.
Is it even possible for the region to be flooded in a Noachian style event?
It is possible for a storm to have contributed to local flooding. The combination of flooding from the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea with a significant storm could result in Mesopotamia, the location of Noah’s ark becoming flooded for months.
The Euphrates and Tigris rivers flow through Mesopotamia, modern-day Iraq. There are several layers of exposed rocks near these rivers in southeastern Mesopotamia, that offer evidence of debris from flood deposits. These deposits range from about 1 foot up to 8 feet thick. This indicates the region has a history of frequent flooding, i.e. susceptible to floods.
The Euphrates and Tigris rivers do not have a steep angle downhill, so low it can barely be classified as flowing downhill, causing for frequent flooding to be common in the region. It is also common for large rivers to have natural levees due to sediment build up. The Euphrates and Tigris Rivers have levees that rise up to 4 to 5 meters above the river channels, with surfaces that slope gently away from the rivers for 5 to 8 km toward lower, adjacent, nearly-flat flood plains. This means that flooding in the area is further exacerbated by the levees and flat levels surrounding the rivers.
Storms that occur in Mesopotamia typically come from the Mediterranean Sea by crossing over the mountains in Syria, Turkey, and western Iran to move in a southeastern direction to the Persian Gulf. As the storms poured down over these areas, the Euphrates and Tigris would transport this water from a higher elevation in northern Mesopotamia to a lower elevation in central Mesopotamia. These two rivers join near the Persian Gulf, meaning if both rivers flooded, then a greater flood could come from where they join.
After flooding occurred in this area, it would have taken months for the water to drain into the gulf, as shown by the poor drainage in the present-day lakes in the flood plains in Mesopotamia5.
But everything says the world was flooded.
The topography in northeastern and southwestern directions of these two rivers, which again are nearly flat, rises to more than 1500 feet in Saudi Arabia and Iran. Factoring in the curvature of the earth, an elevation of that height cannot be seen beyond 53miles away, and these places are more than 107 miles from the Euphrates and Tigris. Therefore, these high points would not be visible to Noah, making it seem as though the whole world was flooded6.
Mesopotamia has a history of frequent floods as shown from the scientific evidence. Combining a massive deluge flooding the Black Sea and other nearby areas with a showering down of heavy rains for days on end, it is perfectly plausible for the region to become flooded in a Noachian style flood event that would make it seem as though the whole world was flooded.
Why did God cause the flood if He is so loving?
We have to refer to other parts of Scripture, the Word of God, to understand why God did this. Prior to the flood account, we read about Cain and Abel, sons of Adam and Eve. Cain kills Abel. Cain then is sentenced to be a “fugitive and wanderer of the earth” (Genesis 4:12). Upon leaving Eden, Cain went to the land of Nod and “built a city” (Genesis 4:17). Cain’s descendants founded pastoral care, instrumental music, and metalworking, however they also engaged in terrible sin such as murder, polygamy, and violence (see Genesis 4:20-24). While scientific developments are not inherently evil, we can see that there is a danger of forgetting about God while distracted with achievements of this world.
So, we can see that Cain’s line is filled with sin. This culminates in Genesis 6:1-2 “When people began to multiply on the face of the ground, and daughters were born to them, the sons of God saw that they were fair; and they took wives for themselves of all that they chose.” There are two ancient interpretations of this. The first is that the sons of God are the descendants of Seth, who was born to Adam and Eve after Cain killed Abel (see Gen 4:25) and that the sons of Seth, a man of God, intermarries with the godless line of Cain, introducing themselves and their offspring to sin. The other belief is that sons of God refers to angels, or in this case fallen angels, called watchers, who took the form of men and had relations with these women. Both views have been held by ancient Jews and Christians7. We also see notes of Nephilim who were “heroes that were of old, warriors of renown” (Gen 6:4). We also see this further built on in Numbers 13:31-33 when the Jewish scouts saw them and said “we seemed like grasshoppers, and so we seemed to them.”
Regardless of the interpretation, other parts of the Scriptures tell us that Cain’s sin led to the flood.
“When an unrighteous man departed from her in his anger, he perished because in rage he killed his brother. When the earth was flooded because of him, wisdom again saved it, steering the righteous man by a paltry piece of wood.” (Wisdom 10:3-4).
We see Cain, the one who “in rage…killed his brother” described here as the cause of the flood and wisdom saved the creation by “steering the righteous man by a paltry piece of wood” as in, Noah in the Ark.
Cain’s sin and his descendants caused God to be grieved and gave them 120 years to repent by giving them His Spirt, the Holy Spirit, to accept or reject Him. Ultimately, Noah was “the one who “found favor in the eyes of the Lord” by accepting His Spirit (Genesis 6:8).
That means that the rest of the people rejected God. These men were so steeped in sin that they rejected God. God did not tell Noah to allow no one else in the ark, it is simply that no one else repented and accepted God.
These were Godless people from the descendants of Cain, the first unrepentant sinner. This shows how strong generational sin can be. Cain consented to his sin, allowed it to fester, and built a society on it, a society that was so steeped in sin they rejected God Himself.
Jewish tradition holds that murder and bloodshed were common among Cain’s descendants, and no one cared for their neighbors. Instead, God was mocked as unneeded, given the greatness humanity had achieved. It is believed that without the flood, humanity would have destroyed itself on its own and that the flood was the chance for any human person with any goodness to start over and save the human race.15
God loves His creation as shown by giving humanity a chance to repent. The people failed to repent, and so He destroyed them with a great flood, a flood they could have been saved from through repentance.
Who did it?
We know the regional factors allow for such a flood and we can see how the flood could take place, and in fact a flood did take place, but does that just mean science explains it all away? Not at all. I admit there is an argument to be made that this was not a sudden flood event considering it most likely came from the ice sheet melting and that this was then recorded by various peoples trying to explain things through the religious lens they used. However, this does not actually explain the ultimate cause of these events as something other than God. So then how was this a decision of God to flood the region and wipe out humanity?
Clearly from a human perspective the deluge was not “spur of the moment”. But we have to understand how God works, which is extremely challenging to comprehend. Referring to Saint Augustine’s Confessions, everything in time is happening eternally within the eternal God. God was not idle before creating the universe, a universe which has a finite start time, yet time rules the universe, a universe in God, God who is eternal and outside of time. God is perfectly capable of having intentionality with the ice sheets and deluge even though certain events in time had yet to occur, such as the dawn of humanity, the same humanity that would lead to Cain and his people. It’s rather an incomprehensible thing to understand about God, and I know my explanation is lacking, because so much time could be spent explaining the eternal nature of God and time. This isn’t just a cop-out to say “anything is possible for God” and instead is a brief attempt to explain how God coordinated the timing of this deluge with human activity. I suggest reading book eleven in Saint Augustine’s Confessions for his more detailed understanding of God and time.
God is eternal, omniscient, and omnipotent. While for us, we see these events unfolding in time, they unfold eternally for God. Upon creating the universe, God knew what would happen in what we call the future and He prepared for it. God did not necessarily “see the future” in the way that we understand it, but instead the future unfolded instantaneously in front of Him. Due to God’s omnipotence, He was able to operate within this instantaneous unfolding and create the ice sheets that would cause this deluge. This does not mean we are part of a rigid system of predestination, instead we live with completely free will in the space time continuum that does not bind God.
Upon the act of creation, God instantly saw what would come from the line of Cain while in the same instant constructing everything to harmoniously work towards wiping out the seed of Cain. God gave everyone a chance to repent, but only Noah repented. It took Noah quite a bit of time to build the ark, enough time for those people to repent. The generational sin from Cain ran very deep and would only result in more sinners of the like, sinners far worse than we can think of. These were unrepentant sinners steeped deeply in sin, there was no saving them physically or spiritually. The had decided to live without God.
If the flood happened, then Noah’s Ark could be found on a mountain…right?
That brings us to the Durupinar Site. The Durupinar Site, a mysterious boat shaped formation in the mountains of Turkey near Mount Ararat, was discovered in 1959 by Captian Ilhan Durupinar. This is the same location the Bible identifies as the landing spot for Noah’s Ark. “…the ark came to rest on the mountains of Ararat” (Genesis 8:4). From the 1970s through the 90s, explorers and Turkish scientists began to survey this formation. The Durupinar site has been investigated using ground penetrating radar (GPR) and other 21st century tools, with results from 2014, 2019, and 2021 revealing “unusual linear subsurface structures and right angles and layers, unlike typical natural rock folds.” In 2023, the 2019 data was analyzed again by American researchers to discover “corridors and room-like chambers running the full length of the formation—consistent with a large, intelligently designed vessel.” In 2024, Turkish soil tests showed that the samples inside the structure “contained nearly three times more organic material than those from outside, suggesting the remains of ancient biological or man-made substances.” The site has not yet been excavated but there are plans to excavate once core drilling is done8. These findings and more are available on NoahsArkScans.com.
According to the Daily Express US, an analysis performed using Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) has revealed a “chemical imprint” as well as “pieces of wood in the ground” and “the shape of a hall.” An independent researcher named Andrew Jones used GPR to detect what appears to be a 13-foot passageway cutting through center of the formation. The investigating team also identified central and side passages or corridors throughout the vessel. They also found three distinct layers underground, corresponding with the description of the Ark in the Bible (see Genesis 6:15-16)9.
One objection to this is the argument that perhaps Noah was a crazy old man who built an ark on top of a mountain and it remained there. Let’s investigate this.
First, the mountain is a volcano without any trees on it meaning that the builder of the ark would have had to haul the lumber up the mountain to build the ark. The mountain is very difficult to scale, especially while carrying big timbers. This ark measured 515feet long as shown in the Biblical description and the recorded findings at the Durupinar site. Hauling all that lumber up the mountain is not feasible for someone without heavy equipment.
While there is strong evidence that Noah’s Ark has been found on a mountain, it still has yet to be excavated. There is the possibility that an excavation may prove this is in fact not an ark, however this would not break the Christian Faith. Christianity was not born out of someone thinking they found the ark, instead someone believes they found the ark by utilizing the lens of Christianity. If this is not actually the ark, it simply means that it the ark has not been found, not there was no ark.
Naturally, we hope there is an excavation effort to unveil the ark, however our faith is not built on this prospect. Instead, we understand the Ark of Noah is less about a physical boat and more about what it symbolizes. The ancient readers were familiar with the term ark as applied to the Ark of the Covenant. When reading through Noah’s Ark, they would have recognized the covenant between God and His creation within chapter 1 of Genesis in the seven days of creation, seven being a number related to covenants. These ancient readers would have understood that Noah’s Ark represented the Ark of the Covenant between God and His creation. Within the biblical narrative, Noah’s Ark is carrying humanity and the rest of creation to preserve the covenant between God and man. This covenant was a bond between God and His creation, punishable by death for whomever fails to uphold it. God was not going to forsake His covenant with humanity. Even after humanity forsook the covenant, God lovingly and mercifully extended an opportunity to repent in order to maintain the covenant, something Noah did. This covenant was carried in and preserved in Noah’s Ark, this is the importance of the Ark, which is much greater than a physical boat.
Objections
Given this explanation, there can still be some objections.
Gilgamesh
There are non-Christians who like to claim that the Noah’s Ark story is just a rip-off of the Gilgamesh flood epic. The Gilgamesh story is a Mesopotamian flood story that many argue has too many parallels with Noah’s Ark. The tablets were discovered in the 1870s by George Smith. Many read the translations and wrote off Christianity as ripping off the older Gilgamesh story. However, the evidence indicates the early Jews based Noah’s Ark off a different flood story, the Atrahasis Epic. The Atrahasis Epic contains elements more closely aligned with Noah’s Ark, also aligned with Gilgamesh. Many scholars hold that the Hebrews and authors of Gilgamesh actually wrote based off the Atrahasis Epic10.
Both Noah’s Ark and Atrahasis note their arks landed on the range of Mount Ararat, whereas Gilgamesh notes a landing spot of Mount Nisir. Though Ararat and Nisir are within 300 miles of each other, it is still a 300-mile gap. Noah’s Ark and Atrahasis record divine instruction to build an oblong ark, whereas Gilgamesh was a cube shape. We also see the Noah and the Atrahasis records report God or the gods giving a seven-day warning, whereas Gilgamesh records that the hero was made aware only after the seven-day period had ended. At the end of Gilgamesh, the hero is given immortal life, whereas Atrahasis shows the gods were going to restrict human reproduction to keep their noise down. Noah’s Ark concludes with God telling him to go forth and multiply11.
Gilgamesh and Noah’s Ark indicate three birds were sent out to check for land, Atrahasis does not mention this, however the tablets are broken with pieces missing where it is believed that portion would have been located12.
So does this mean the seculars are right and the Biblical account is just plagiarism? Not at all. By reviewing the parallels and differences of the stories, we can see it is not simply plagiarism but instead has a more profound explanation.
First, The measurements provided in Atrahasis differ greatly from those of Noah’s Ark. The only Ark that may have been found matches the measurements of Noah’s Ark, not Atrahasis. With the Gilgamesh ark being a cube, it clearly is not the ark that may have been found, nor has the cube surfaced elsewhere. Second, Gilgamesh concluded with a man who had immortal life, clearly he is not around anymore showing that to be false. Third, as for the sending out of the birds, this was a common mariner practice to check for land nearby, so it was natural to include that throughout the stories.
Regardless of this explanation, it seems too evident that these stories are based off Atrahasis. And this point has been conceded by the Church, specifically Pope Pius XII in Humani Generis. So then, how do we account for what seems to simply be copying someone else’s story? This goes back to the way the inspired authors used symbolism and imagery familiar to the Hebrew people so they would understand what was being said. Clearly, the Hebrews were familiar with other Mesopotamian flood stories. When Noah’s Ark was told to them, they would have understood the reference to these other stories but would have also noticed the differences. These differences would have been understood as an effort to correct the record of the other stories. Gilgamesh was purported to received immortal life after the great flood and the Atrahasis account states humans were restricted in growth, whereas the inspired authors were relaying the truth that humans were to go forth and multiply, a truth God has given throughout Genesis up to this point. We also see that God offered the chance to repent, because God always gives us the chance to repent.
After the potential discovery of the Ark, we are able to see which story was likely true, and Noah’s Ark is the only one who’s ark matches the measurements of the ark potentially found.
This was not merely copying someone else’s cool story but instead was a correction of the record by showing the God Who truly caused the Flood and the story of the actual hero of the epic. Many elements of the other stories were applied so the hearers would understand this was a correction of those same stories rather than a different story altogether.
We can understand this is not a correction simply because it was more appealing, but because it is part of the Holy Bible, the Divine Scriptures of the Christian Faith which show that the ancient prophecies contained within them came to fulfillment, something the other sources have no claim to. If you wonder about the reliability of the Bible, I suggest reading this post on the origins of the Bible.
If anything, the numerous stories about a catastrophic flood in ancient Mesopotamia indicate there was a flood that did actually happen.
Animals
How could the ark have fit all the animals? Well, by understanding this was a regional flood that seemed to be the entire world, we can see there were far fewer animals than the entire world contains. Additionally, the cloud coverage would have blocked out the sun causing the animals to enter a state of hibernation where they eat less and sleep more
God was sorry
Many may read that “the Lord was sorry that he had made humankind on the earth, and it grieved him to his heart” and think that God is imperfect. The reason for the inspired author to write it this way was to utilize anthropomorphic language to communicate the personal nature of God13. God is perfect and cannot be emotionally swayed as a human.
But God loves us so much, He sent forth His Spirit to give humanity a chance to repent, or at least the humans of that region that was about to be flooded.
Timeline
But the Bible gives a different timeline for when the Flood happened, not 7000-5000BC! Actually, it does not. The Bible does not state when the flood happened, only that it happened. Certain groups, such as fundamentalists, have developed what they believe to be a timeline going back to the Creation of the universe. They do this by summing up the age of Adam, Noah, and others to establish the timeline in Genesis, however those ages have their own reasoning behind them which causes them to not be useful as a scientific or historical means. Simply put, the Bible does not tell us how old the universe is or when Noah’s Ark happened.
Ages
Many people will cite the unrealistic age of Noah at 950 years (Genesis 9:29). There are two ways to go about this. The first is, history wrote age based on an honorific system, meaning if someone wanted to portray a historical figure as grand, they would give them a very long age. Noah was very important, and so his age was written as very long to signify how important he was. However, some people also hold these are accurate ages and that people in early humanity were able to live longer because they had less sin promulgated throughout. We are open to believe either option.
Noah’s nakedness
I want to discuss a passage that catches people off guard. At the conclusion of the story of Noah’s Ark, we read that Noah drank too much wine and “lay uncovered in his tent. And Ham, the father of Canaan saw the nakedness of his father” (Genesis 9:21-22). After ‘Noah awoke from his wine and knew what his youngest son had done to him, he said, “Cursed be Canaan; lowest of slaves shall he be to his brothers.” (Genesis 9:24-25).
With the first read of this we have to wonder, why is Noah so upset that Ham saw him naked that he decided to curse Ham’s descendants? After all, Noah was drunk and fell asleep naked. Well, we have to learn what is means to see someone’s nakedness.
The expression was an idiom for a variety of things including voyeurism, castration, or sexual abuse of Noah, and even Noah’s wife, Ham’s mother. The last option is the more widely accepted interpretation because it would have been an attempt for the son to usurp the father’s authority as shown by Reuben with Jacob. This also seems more probable because Noah curses the spawn of the maternal incest rather than Ham himself, just as the children of future relations are cursed, such as Lot’s children from Genesis 19:30-3814.
Noah wasn’t upset because Ham happened to see his drunken father naked, but instead was upset because Ham tried to usurp Noah’s authority and that of his own brothers by incestual violating his mother, Noah’s wife.
Conclusion
There are many ancient stories about a catastrophic flood in Mesopotamia. We know there was an ark in the Biblical narrative and it seems that the ark has been discovered somewhere it couldn’t be built. Where it is placed is a tall mountain, in an area that was once flooded from a deluge of sorts, right next to a region that is susceptible to flooding from storms, storms that would pass over the same area affected by the deluge. From what we can see, the area was flooded and lifted the ark which landed on the mountain once the waters receded, a story corroborating the Bible. I understand this is an opinion and not considered a scientific fact. There are many scientists with many beliefs about all the research data surrounding these events, however scientists do not always reach a consensus in anything, especially when it comes to religious events.
What is the theological significance of the Flood story? The Flood shows us God’s love and mercy for His creation. Despite the deep generational sin, God still gave an opportunity for repentance, and all He desired to see was at least one righteous and repentant person in order to save the entirety of Creation. God created everything for us out of love, without us the creation was of no need. However, God did not forsake us and instead baptized the world through the flood to bring the dawn of the new creation and continue the plan of salvation. God continues to reach out to each of us to repent and continue our conversion as a loving child of His. We must remember, or look forward to, our own baptism and the new creation God has made us into.
References
12007. “‘Noah’s Flood’ Kick-started European Farming?” Science Daily. November 19. https://www.sciencedaily.acom/releases/2007/11/071118213213.htm.
2 News, ABC. 2012. “Evidence Noah’s Biblical Flood Happened, Says Robert Ballard.” ABC News. December 5. Accessed November 13, 2025. https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/evidence-suggests-biblical-great-flood-noahs-time-happened/story?id=17884533.
3 Ibid.
4 Lippsett, Lonny. 2009. “Noah’s Not-so-big Flood.” Oceanus. August 14. Accessed November 13, 2025. https://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/feature/noahs-not-so-big-flood/.
5 Collins, Lorence G. 2009. “Yes, Noah’s Flood May Have Happened, But Not Over the Whole Earth.” National Center for Science Education. October. Accessed November 13, 2025. https://ncse.ngo/yes-noahs-flood-may-have-happened-not-over-whole-earth.
6 Ibid.
72024. The Ignatius Catholic Study Bible. San Francisco, CA: Ignatius Press., pg 66
8 n.d. Noah’s Ark Scans. Accessed November 13, 2025. https://noahsarkscans.com/
9 Emilia Randall, Maria Villarroel. 2025. “Archaeologists ‘find’ Noah’s Ark with ground-breaking radar discovery.” Daily Express US. November 10. Accessed November 13, 2025. https://www.the-express.com/news/world-news/190115/archaeologists-find-noah-s-ark-incredible-new-discovery.
10 Day, John. n.d. “The Mesopotamian Origin of the Biblical Flood Story.” The Torah.com. Accessed November 13, 2025. https://www.thetorah.com/article/the-mesopotamian-origin-of-the-biblical-flood-story.
11 Ibid.
12 Ibid.
132024. The Ignatius Catholic Study Bible. San Francisco, CA: Ignatius Press., pg67
14 Ibid. pg70
15 Grondin, Fr. Charles. n.d. “How the Flood Squares with God’s Mercy.” Catholic Answers. Accessed November 19, 2025. https://www.catholic.com/qa/how-the-flood-squares-with-gods-mercy.
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